If you’re interested in the categories ontology mentioned in my post called “On a New List of Categories” and you’re looking for some background, check out Joseph Goguen’s work on algebraic semiotics. As described by Goguen in “On Notation” Peirce’s semiotics forms the basis for a relational theory of meaning for algebraic specifications.
I make available for all to use an OWL ontology of Charles Sander’s Perice’s “On a New List of Categories” under a Creative Commons By license. In this early manuscript (1868), we see the foundations of his semiotics that later matures in MS 478 Sundry Logical Conceptions, MS 450 Nomenclatures and Divisions of Triadic Relations and MS 517 New Elements.
Folks might enjoy the Soloman Feferman lecture Goedel, Nagel, Minds and Machines. After recounting an exchange between Godel and Nagel circa 1956, Feferman describes the implications of the minds vs. machines dichotomy ensuing from the exchange.